Dab tsi ua rau Graphite Electrode Oxidation thaum lub sijhawm siab -Tub kub Electric Arc Rauv Ua Haujlwm?
Hais Txog Phau Ntawv Qhia Txog Kev Kawm
Kev Paub Txog Kev Lag Luam:
- Siab -kub oxidation kinetics rau graphite electrodes ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv EAF ib puag ncig tshaj 3,000℃ntawm arc txuas cheeb tsam
- Qhov cub cua tsom xam npog cov pa roj-theem muaj pes tsawg leeg, cov pa oxygen ib nrab siab, thiab kev thauj mus los ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm oxidation tus nqi faib
- Sab phab ntsa thiab qhov kawg oxidation cheeb tsam tus yam ntxwv, suav nrog qhov kub thiab txias -nyob ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob thiab slag- kab sib cuam tshuam phenomena
- 30+ xyoo ntawm cov khoom siv hlau metallurgical muab kev paub txog kev kawm oxidation tus cwj pwm hla ntau EAF thermal thiab tshuaj ib puag ncig
Taw qhia
Graphite electrode oxidation nyob rau hauv hluav taws xob arc rauv steelmaking tsis yog ib qho tshwm sim. Nws yog ib tsev neeg ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas tshwm sim hauv ib cheeb tsam ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, uas tau tsav los ntawm cov tshuaj sib txawv thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm lub cev. Kev nkag siab txog cov txheej txheem no sib cais yog qhov tseem ceeb vim tias cov levers uas tswj ib cheeb tsam feem ntau tsis cuam tshuam rau lwm qhov. Kev xyaum ua kom sov uas txwv tsis pub oxidation ntawm phab ntsa tuaj yeem ua kom qhov kawg oxidation yog siv tsis muaj cheeb tsam - kev paub tshwj xeeb.
Nyob rau theem molecular, oxidation siv cov pa roj carbon monoxide los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog oxygen, carbon dioxide, thiab dej vapor tam sim no nyob rau hauv qhov cub cua. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thawj zaug, C + O₂ → CO₂, nce nrawm dua 600℃thiab ua tus coj tus cwj pwm sidewall. Ntawm qhov kawg ntawm electrode, qhov twg arc kub tshaj 3,000 degree, ncaj qha sublimation ntawm carbon rau hauv cov roj theem sib tw nrog oxidation, tsim ib tug complex yaig profile uas tsis yog tshuaj dawb huv. Nyob nruab nrab ntawm cov kev kub ntxhov no, qhov nruab nrab qhov kub thiab txias txhawb Boudouard cov tshuaj tiv thaiv (C + CO₂ → 2CO), uas dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb qhov chaw recirculating furnace gases nqa CO₂ rov qab mus rau qhov chaw txias dua electrode.
Lub qhov cub cua tsis zoo ib yam. Nyob ze ntawm txoj kab slag, foaming slag yuav tiv thaiv cov electrode los ntawm kev sib cuag roj ncaj qha, lossis tuaj yeem nthuav tawm rau oxidising slag Cheebtsam nyob ntawm qhov ua npuas ncauj ruaj khov. Saum cov kab slag, convective tam sim no uas tau tsav los ntawm thermal buoyancy thauj oxygen -nplua nuj gases raws cov electrode nto. Dej txias thiab tshuaj tsuag tshuab, qhov twg tam sim no, hloov qhov kub thiab txias profile hauv zos thiab tuaj yeem cuam tshuam oxidation los ntawm kev txo qhov kub thiab txias los ntawm kev qhia cov dej vapor ua ib qho ntxiv oxidant.
Cov lus qhia no tshuaj xyuas lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg ua rau graphite electrode oxidation thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm siab - kub EAF. Lub hom phiaj yog nyob rau hauv kev txheeb xyuas cov txheej txheem, thaj chaw tus yam ntxwv, thiab kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab electrode microstructure. Tus nqi cuam tshuam, cov khoom lag luam hauv cheeb tsam, thiab cov txheej txheem kev yuav khoom tsuas yog raug kho raws li qhov tshwm sim thib ob ntawm cov txheej txheem hauv lub cev.
Ntsiab lus teb Summary
Raws li kev lag luam kev paub dhau los, cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb ua rau graphite electrode oxidation thaum lub sij hawm siab -kub EAF ua haujlwm suav nrog:
| Mechanism | Zone | Qhov kub thiab txias | Qhov Tseem Ceeb |
|---|---|---|---|
| Xaus oxidation thiab sublimation | Electrode taub thiab arc txuas lub ntsej muag | >3,000℃ntawm arc cag; 1,800-2,500℃ntawm qhov chaw nyob ib sab | Cov pa roj carbon sublimation ncaj qha sib tw nrog O₂ thiab CO₂ cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm qhov kub thiab txias |
| Sab phab ntsa gas-theem oxidation | Electrode sidewall saum slag kab | 600-900℃saum npoo kub | Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm graphite nrog O₂ hauv cov cua sov cua sov; tus nqi yog ob npaug ntawm txhua 50℃saum toj no 600 degree |
| Slag- kab tshuaj tua kab mob | Electrode nto ntawm thiab ze slag interface | 1,400-1,650℃(slag kub) | Oxidising slag Cheebtsam (FeO, MnO) reacting nrog graphite ntawm cov ntsiab lus ncaj qha |
| Boudouard cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yaig | Intermediate electrode zones uas recirculating CO₂ hu carbon | 800-1,200 degree | CO₂ los ntawm ncej-combustion thiab slag cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog graphite los ua CO |
| Dej vapor oxidation | Cov cheeb tsam raug tshuaj tsuag kom txias los yog huab cua ntub | Hloov pauv; active hla 500-1,000 degree | H₂O reacting nrog graphite los ua CO thiab H₂, ua kom cov dej nrawm dua -cov qauv tsim hluav taws xob |
Dab tsi yog qhov Primary Oxidation Zones ntawm Graphite Electrode?
1. Xaus Oxidation thiab Sublimation ntawm Arc Attachment Zone
Lub taub hau electrode tau ntsib qhov hnyav tshaj plaws thermal thiab tshuaj lom neeg ib puag ncig hauv tag nrho lub qhov cub. Cov hluav taws xob arc txuas rau thaj tsam me me ntawm lub ntsej muag lub ntsej muag, tsim kom muaj qhov kub thiab txias hauv zos uas tuaj yeem tshaj 3,000 degree. Ntawm qhov kub no, carbon tsis tsuas yog oxidise; nws sublimates ncaj qha los ntawm cov khoom mus rau theem roj yam tsis dhau los ntawm lub xeev ua kua. Qhov no sublimation tso nyiaj rau ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev noj qab haus huv tsis muaj tshuaj lom neeg cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.
Oxygen thiab carbon dioxide tam sim no nyob rau hauv arc plasma react nrog cov pa roj carbon dioxide ib txhij. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tus nqi ntawm cov kub no yog txwv tsis yog los ntawm cov tshuaj kinetics tab sis los ntawm kev thauj mus los loj: yuav ua li cas sai sai oxidising hom tuaj yeem ncav cuag cov pa roj carbon monoxide thiab sai npaum li cas cov khoom gases tuaj yeem khiav. Qhov tshwm sim yog ib qho kev yaig yaig profile ntawm lub ntsej muag lub ntsej muag, nrog rau qhov tob tshaj plaws ntawm qhov kev sib txuas ntawm arc thiab qhov qis qis tshaj tawm sab nraud.
Kev sib txheeb ntawm sublimation thiab oxidation nyob ntawm qhov chaw arc. Lub qhov cub nrog cov pa oxygen siab tshaj plaws txhaj tshuaj ntxiv oxidant ncaj qha mus rau hauv arc cheeb tsam, ua rau cov oxidation sib koom. Rauv nrog kev xyaum tsis tshua muaj oxygen thiab ruaj khov foamy slag pom muaj ntau dua sublimation qhia txheeb ze rau oxidation. Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb vim tias sublimation yog cov txheej txheem thermal ntshiab uas xaiv qib tuaj yeem cuam tshuam tsuas yog los ntawm thermal conductivity thiab ntom, whereas oxidation yog cov txheej txheem tshuaj uas teb rau kev tiv thaiv oxidation thiab huab cua tswj.
2. Sab phab ntsa Gas-Phase Oxidation Saum kab Slag
Sidewall oxidation yog qhov loj tshaj plaws tswj tau siv tshuab, feem ntau suav txog 30 txog 40% ntawm tag nrho cov electrode poob. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv C + O₂ → CO₂ dominates cheeb tsam no, nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tus nqi tswj los ntawm Arrhenius kev sib raug zoo: nws kwv yees li ob npaug rau txhua txhua 50℃nce nyob rau hauv qhov chaw kub siab tshaj 600 degree. Lub sidewall nto kub thaum lub sij hawm ua hauj lwm li ntawm 600℃mus rau 900 degree, muab nws squarely nyob rau hauv lub tsoom fwv qhov twg me me kub hloov pauv loj oxidation tus nqi.
Cov pa oxygen yog cov cua sov cua sov saum cov kab slag. Thermal buoyancy drives convective tam sim no uas thauj cov pa oxygen los ntawm cov cua nkag hauv cov ntsiab lus, qhov hluav taws kub combustion, thiab oxygen lancing mus rau qhov chaw electrode. Lub ciam txheej thickness ntawm lub electrode nto tswj lub diffusion tus nqi ntawm oxygen mus rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv interface. Cov roj velocities ntau dua nyias txheej ntawm ciam teb thiab nce oxidation tus nqi; qis velocities thicken nws thiab txo tus nqi.
Slag foaming zoo yog qhov tseem ceeb ua haujlwm qib hauv cheeb tsam no. Lub qhov dej-foamed slag nyob ib puag ncig ntawm sab phab ntsa electrode sab qis thiab tshem tawm cov pa oxygen- cov roj nplua nuj nrog cov slag tiv thaiv- roj sib tov. Kev soj ntsuam kev lag luam qhia tau hais tias kev ua haujlwm zoo ntawm foamy slag tuaj yeem txo qhov cuam tshuam ntawm phab ntsa oxidation los ntawm 50 mus rau 70% piv rau qhib -arc ua haujlwm. Thaum ua npuas ncauj tawg los yog ua tsis tiav, lub sidewall yog ncaj qha mus rau oxidising cua thiab noj nce sharply.
3. Slag-Line Chemical Attack
Ntawm qhov sib txuas ntawm electrode sidewall thiab molten slag, qhov sib txawv oxidation mechanism ua haujlwm. Slag muaj oxidising Cheebtsam, feem ntau hlau oxide (FeO) thiab manganese oxide (MnO), uas react ncaj qha nrog graphite thaum ob theem sib cuag. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv FeO + C → Fe + CO yog thermodynamically haum ntawm slag kub ntawm 1,400℃mus rau 1,650℃thiab ua tiav ntawm tus nqi txiav txim los ntawm slag muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab thaj chaw tiv tauj.
Cov tshuaj tua kab mob no txawv ntawm cov pa roj-theem oxidation vim nws tshwm sim ntawm cov kab slag, tsis nyob rau ntawm phab ntsa tag nrho. Tus nqi nres yog nyob ntawm slag hauv paus, FeO cov ntsiab lus, thiab qib ntawm electrode immersion. Siab-FeO slags yog nruj dua li qis-FeO slags. Slags nrog high fluidity ntub cov electrode nto ntau dua, ua rau thaj chaw sib cuag thiab tus nqi nres. Thaum slag foaming ntau dhau, slag splashing tuaj yeem txuas rau thaj tsam nres saum toj nominal slag kab.
Qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub cev ntawm slag- kab tawm tsam yog qhov txo qis hauv cheeb tsam ntawm slag interface, tsim kom muaj lub caj dab profile uas ua rau cov neeg kho tshuab kev nyuaj siab thiab ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo tawg. Cov hluav taws xob nrog cov slag loj heev- kab tawm tsam qhia ntsuas lub zog txo qis ntawm lub caj dab, ua rau lawv muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev khoov quab yuam thaum lub sijhawm them nyiaj thiab arc instability.
4. Boudouard Reaction Erosion hauv Intermediate Zones
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv Boudouard, C + CO₂ → 2CO, dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb hauv thaj chaw nruab nrab qhov kub thiab txias qhov chaw recirculating furnace gases hu rau electrode nto. CO₂ yog tsim los ntawm post-combustion ntawm CO nyob rau hauv lub cub tawg freeboard thiab decomposition ntawm oxidising slag Cheebtsam. Thaum cov CO₂ no rov qab mus rau qhov chaw txias dua electrode nyob rau hauv 800℃mus rau 1,200℃ntau yam, nws reacts nrog graphite los ua CO.
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv Boudouard yog endothermic, absorbing tshav kub los ntawm electrode nto thaum nws pib. Qhov no tsim ib qho kev noj qab haus huv yooj yim uas feem ntau tsis saib xyuas vim nws tsis tsim qhov pom kev poob cuam tshuam nrog oxidation ntawm phab ntsa. Hloov chaw, nws nce zuj zus ntxiv cov electrode microstructure los ntawm qhov chaw sab hauv, nce porosity thiab txo qhov ntom. Tshaj ib qho kev sib tw, qhov kev ua tsis zoo ntawm cov qauv no tuaj yeem txo qhov tam sim no muaj txiaj ntsig - nqa peev xwm ntawm qhov seem seem - seem.
Lub tshuab hluav taws xob uas muaj kev sib cav sib ceg- cov tshuab hluav taws xob sib txuas uas ua rau CO oxidation ntau tshaj plaws rau CO₂ tsim kom muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv Boudouard ntau dua. Lub tshuab hluav taws xob uas muaj lub zog ua kom muaj zog uas tshem tawm CO₂ ua ntej rov ua dua pom Boudouard tus nqi qis dua. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kuj tseem ceeb rau lub siab: siab dua lub cub tawg ua rau CO₂ ib nrab siab ntawm electrode nto thiab ua kom cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.
5. Dej Vapor Oxidation nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tsuag-Cooled thiab dej-Kub rauv
Dej txias thiab tshuaj tsuag tshuab hloov oxidation ib puag ncig nyob rau hauv txoj kev uas tsis yog ib txwm muaj txiaj ntsig. Dej vapor (H₂O) reacts nrog graphite raws li C + H₂O → CO + H₂, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas tshwm sim ntawm qhov ntsuas tau siab tshaj 500℃thiab nrawm mus txog 1,000 degree. Nyob rau hauv qhov cub qhov twg cov tshuaj tsuag txias yog coj mus rau kab hluav taws xob, cov dej vapor generated ntawm qhov kub kub dhau los ua ib qho oxidant ntxiv.
Cov txiaj ntsig net nyob ntawm qhov sib npaug ntawm qhov txo qis thiab vapor-theem oxidation. Yog tias cov tshuaj tsuag txias txo qhov kub ntawm qhov kub qis dua 600 degree, oxidation tus nqi txo qis los ntawm qhov kub thiab txias yuav ntau dua qhov oxidation nce los ntawm cov dej vapor. Yog tias cov tshuaj tsuag txias tau siv rau qhov chaw siab tshaj 800 degree, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv dej vapor tuaj yeem ua tus tswj hwm thiab nce kev noj haus.
Dej-cov kav dej txias thiab cov qauv tsim lub ru tsev kuj tuaj yeem ua kom cov pa tawm mus rau hauv lub qhov cub cua los ntawm qhov chaw tsim hluav taws xob ntawm qhov chaw kub. Txawm tias me me los ntawm cov cua txias tuaj yeem ua kom cov av noo ntawm lub cub tawg thiab ua kom cov dej vapor oxidation pab txhawb. Mills khiav dej num-cov qauv tsim txias yuav tsum saib xyuas cov av noo raws li qhov sib txawv oxidation sib txawv.
Cov Cuab Yeej Cuab Yeej thiab Electrode Microstructure cuam tshuam li cas los tswj Oxidation?
1. Temperature Profile thiab Surface Heat Balance
Qhov kub ntawm electrode yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm kev tswj oxidation tus nqi thoob plaws txhua lub tshuab. Nws yog txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov sib npaug ntawm cov cua sov sab hauv joule cua sov, hluav taws xob hloov hluav taws xob los ntawm lub arc thiab molten da dej, convective cua sov hloov mus rau qhov cub cua sov, thiab hluav taws xob hloov hluav taws xob raws li electrode axis.
Internal joule cua sov nyob ntawm hluav taws xob resistivity thiab tam sim no ceev. Kev tiv thaiv siab dua lossis siab dua tam sim no ua rau muaj kev kub ntxhov sab hauv, nce qhov kub thiab ua kom oxidation. Radiative tshav kub hloov nyob ntawm qhov ntev arc thiab arc voltage; ntev arcs nce sidewall hluav taws xob raug. Convective txias nyob ntawm cov roj tshaj tawm dhau los ntawm electrode nto; Kev tshaj tawm siab dua ua rau kom tshem tawm cov cua sov tab sis kuj ua rau cov txheej txheem ciam teb thiab ua kom cov pa oxygen ntau ntxiv.
Kev sib cuam tshuam yog nonlinear. Ib qho me me ntawm qhov ceev tam sim no nce joule cua sov, uas nce qhov kub thiab txias, uas kwv yees li ob npaug ntawm oxidation tus nqi rau txhua txhua 50℃nce. Qhov kev tawm tswv yim zoo no txhais tau hais tias oxidation tuaj yeem nrawm nrawm thaum qhov ntsuas kub hla dhau.
2. Porosity thiab Oxygen nkag mus
Graphite electrode microstructure muaj lub network ntawm pores uas txuas rau saum npoo rau sab hauv. Cov pa oxygen thiab lwm hom oxidising nkag mus rau cov pores thiab hnov mob nrog cov pa roj carbon monoxide sab hauv, txuas oxidation dhau ntawm geometric nto. Qhov zoo ntawm oxidation deg cheeb tsam tuaj yeem tshaj qhov geometric deg cheeb tsam los ntawm ib qho ntawm kaum lossis ntau dua hauv siab - porosity electrodes.
Bulk density yog qhov ntsuas macroscopic ntawm porosity. Ntau qhov ntom ntom sib txuam nrog qis porosity thiab txo qis oxygen nkag mus. UHP electrodes, nrog ntau qhov ntom ntom feem ntau nyob rau hauv thaj tsam ntawm 1.68 mus rau 1.74 g / cm³, muaj qhov ua tau zoo oxidation saum npoo ntawm RP electrodes ntawm 1.52 txog 1.56 g / cm³. Kev tiv thaiv - oxidation kev kho mob uas kaw qhov pores ntxiv txo kev nkag mus.
3. Impurity Catalysis ntawm Oxidation Reactions
Hlau impurities nyob rau hauv graphite matrix, xws li alkali hlau, alkaline ntiaj teb hlau, thiab hloov hlau residues, ua raws li catalysts rau carbon oxidation. Cov impurities no txo qis lub zog ua kom muaj zog ntawm C + O₂ cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, ua rau oxidation mus rau qhov kub thiab txias los yog siab dua ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Cov ntsiab lus tshauv, feem ntau ntsuas raws li qhov seem seem tom qab combustion, ua tus tso npe rau qib impurity.
Siab dua -qib electrodes uas tsim los ntawm koob koob coke nrog cov hmoov tshauv qis dua tuaj yeem txo cov catalytic oxidation. Cov qib UHP feem ntau qhia cov ntsiab lus tshauv qis dua 0.3%, piv rau 0.5% lossis siab dua rau qib RP. Qhov txawv tsis yog kev kawm xwb: catalytic oxidation tuaj yeem nce tus nqi ntawm 700℃los ntawm 20 mus rau 40% txheeb ze rau catalytically inactive carbon.
4. Anti-Oxidation Treatment Mechanisms
Los tiv thaiv - oxidation kev kho mob hloov cov electrode nto kom txo tau oxidation reactivity. Ceramic-raws li txheej txheej, xws li txhuas oxide lossis silicon carbide, ua rau lub cev tsis sib haum ntawm cov graphite thiab cov cua oxidising. Cov coatings no zoo thaum tsis zoo tab sis tuaj yeem tawg los yog tawg nyob rau hauv thermal cycling, nthuav tawm cov graphite liab qab rau kev tawm tsam tshiab.
Boron-kev kho mob raws li kev ua haujlwm los ntawm kev sib txawv. Boron diffuses rau hauv graphite lattice thiab occupies active chaw ntawm cov pa roj carbon basal dav hlau, txo cov chaw muaj rau oxygen chemisorption. Cov txheej txheem no tsis cia siab rau lub cev tsis tu ncua txheej txheej thiab yog li ua siab ntev dua ntawm microcracking. Kev lag luam tawm -tawm yog tias kev kho boron feem ntau xav tau cov ntawv thov kub dua thiab tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau lwm yam khoom xws li hluav taws xob tiv thaiv.
5. Lub tshuab cua sov cua Composition thiab Flow Patterns
Qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub cub tawg cua sib txawv spatial thiab ib ntus. Nyob ze ntawm cov burners, cov pa oxygen concentration yog nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam. Nyob ze ntawm qhov chaw slag, CO thiab CO₂ los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv slag dominate. Nyob rau hauv lub freeboard, post-combustion chemistry txiav txim qhov O₂/CO₂/CO ratio. Cov kev hloov pauv no tsim spatial sib txawv oxidation muaj peev xwm nyob ib ncig ntawm lub electrode.
Cov qauv ntws uas tau tsav los ntawm kev teeb tsa hluav taws xob, qhov chaw tso pa, thiab lub cub tawg geometry thauj gases nyob ib ncig ntawm lub electrode. Furnaces nrog tsis zoo sealing tsim infiltration tam sim no uas coj ambient cua ncaj qha mus rau electrode nto. Lub tshuab hluav taws xob nrog lub zog hluav taws xob tsim hluav taws xob tsim cov khoom nqus uas rub tawm cov pa roj oxidising nce mus raws cov electrode. Nkag siab txog cov qauv ntws no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev kwv yees oxidation kev faib tawm thiab tsim kev tiv thaiv.
Kws txawj pom kev
Raws li kev paub txog kev lag luam kev lag luam kawm oxidation tus cwj pwm nyob rau ntau hom EAF thermal ib puag ncig, cov kev soj ntsuam hauv qab no qhia kev tswj cov txheej txheem oxidation zoo:
1. Qhov kawg noj yog dominated los ntawm sublimation, tsis oxidation.Ntawm qhov kub ntawm qhov kub siab tshaj 3,000 degree, carbon tawm ntawm lub taub feem ntau los ntawm kev hloov theem ncaj qha. Oxidation yog qhov thib ob. Levers uas lub hom phiaj oxidation, xws li tiv thaiv - oxidation txheej, muaj kev txwv tsis pub muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov lus yaig. 2.Sidewall oxidation yog qhov loj tshaj plaws tswj tsis tau, thiab qhov kub thiab txias yog qhov sib txawv ntawm tus tswv.Txhua 50℃nce siab tshaj 600℃kwv yees li ob npaug ntawm oxidation tus nqi. Cov kev coj ua rau lub qhov cub uas txo qhov kub ntawm sab phab ntsa, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog foamy slag thiab arc ntev tswj, yog qhov siab tshaj plaws - kev cuam tshuam . 3.Slag-kab tawm tsam yog tshuaj lom neeg thiab ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam.FeO thiab MnO nres tsim lub caj dab profile uas ua rau cov electrode tsis muaj zog. Kev tswj cov slag chemistry thiab ua npuas ncauj qhov siab yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ncaj ncees rau kev siv tshuaj lom neeg . 4.Dej vapor yog ib qho feem ntau - tsis pom oxidant.Txias txias thiab dej-cov qauv tsim kom txias qhia H₂O rau hauv qhov chaw oxidation. C + H₂O cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog ua haujlwm thoob plaws qhov kub thiab txias thiab tuaj yeem ua rau cov khoom siv tau ntau dua yog tias siv txias dua 800℃. 5.Porosity multiplies qhov zoo oxidation nto.Siab -porosity electrodes oxidise los ntawm sab hauv thiab sab nrauv. Kev xaiv qib mus rau qhov siab dua ncaj qha txo qhov chaw ua haujlwm zoo muaj rau kev tawm tsam oxygen . 6.Qhov cub cua kub yog qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv.Cov kev xav tsis sib xws oxidation ua rau muaj kev tiv thaiv tsis sib xws uas tsis pom cov hotspots hauv zos. Nkag siab txog qhov kub hnyiab, txoj hauv kev nkag mus, thiab tso pa tawm yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tswj oxidation.
Cov khoom sib piv
RP Graphite Electrodes VS HP Graphite Electrodes
| Feature | RP Graphite electrodes | HP Graphite electrodes |
|---|---|---|
| Daim ntawv thov | Tsawg- fais fab AC EAF, ladle furnaces, me me foundries | Nruab nrab- fais fab EAF, qib steel qib |
| Kev ua tau zoo | Tam sim no qhov ceev txog li 15 A / cm² | Tam sim no qhov ceev txog li 25 A / cm² |
| Oxidation mechanism profile | Ntau dua porosity thiab qis graphitisation℃nce oxidation nto cheeb tsam thiab catalytic site ntom | Denser microstructure thiab purity siab dua txo cov pa oxygen nkag mus thiab catalytic oxidation tus nqi |
| Sab phab ntsa oxidation tus nqi | Siab dua; elevated porosity tso cai rau oxidation sab hauv thiab qis qis txo cov thermal conductivity | Nruab nrab; txhim kho qhov ceev thiab purity qeeb roj-theem thiab oxidation sab hauv |
| Slag- kab tawm tsam | Nruab nrab; qis ntom ntom ua rau muaj qhov tsis zoo rau lub hauv paus caj dab los ntawm tshuaj tua kab mob | Txhim kho; siab dua structural kev ncaj ncees resists necking thiab mechanical weakening |
| Dej vapor rhiab heev | Siab dua; elevated porosity nce H₂O nkag mus thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thaj chaw | qis; denser qauv txo cov dej vapor ingress thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv sab hauv |
| Zoo tshaj plaws rau | Lub qhov cub nrog qhov kub tsis tshua muaj siab, ruaj khov slag npog, thiab txwv dej txias kom raug | Furnaces with moderate power density, variable slag conditions, and standard cooling configurations |
Los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm oxidation mechanism, RP- mus rau -HP kev hloov pauv sawv cev rau kev hloov pauv ntawm microstructure uas tso cai rau oxidation sab hauv mus rau ib qho uas txwv oxidation loj heev rau qhov chaw geometric. RP electrodes nrog ntau dua porosity oxidise los ntawm nyob rau hauv lub pore network, accelerating txoj kab uas hla poob txawm nyob rau saum npoo kub yog nruab nrab. HP electrodes nrog denser microstructure thiab cov hmoov tshauv qis qis ob qho tib si roj-theem thiab oxidation sab hauv, txuas ntxiv lub neej kev sib tw hauv ib puag ncig uas qhov kub thiab txias ntawm huab cua hloov pauv.
HP Graphite Electrodes VS UHP Graphite Electrodes
| Feature | HP Graphite electrodes | UHP Graphite Electrodes |
|---|---|---|
| Daim ntawv thov | Nruab nrab- fais fab EAF, qib steel qib | Siab -lub zog thiab ultra- siab - zog EAF, xav tau qib steel |
| Kev ua tau zoo | Tam sim no qhov ceev txog li 25 A / cm² | Tam sim no qhov ceev tshaj 35 A / cm² |
| Oxidation mechanism profile | Zoo ceev thiab purity rau tus qauv oxidation ib puag ncig | Qhov siab tshaj plaws graphitisation℃thiab qis porosity txo qis oxidation nto thoob plaws txhua lub tshuab |
| Sab phab ntsa oxidation tus nqi | Nruab nrab; txheem microstructure txhawb cov pa oxidation tswj | Tsawg tshaj plaws; koob koob coke thiab siab tshaj plaws kom txo tau cov pa oxygen nkag mus thiab catalytic kev ua kom tsawg kawg nkaus |
| Slag- kab tawm tsam | Zoo; balanced structural integrity rau raug tshuaj lom neeg raug | Zoo heev; Qhov siab tshaj plaws thiab cov qauv kev ncaj ncees tiv thaiv caj dab thiab hauv zos tsis muaj zog nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog slag |
| Dej vapor rhiab heev | qis; standard density tswj dej vapor ingress | Tsawg heev; ultra-tsis muaj porosity thiab siab tshaj purity zoo li tshem tawm cov dej vapor cov tshuaj tiv thaiv sab hauv |
| Zoo tshaj plaws rau | Lub tshuab hluav taws xob muaj qhov nruab nrab oxidation raug qhov twg tus qauv ceev thiab purity muab kev tiv thaiv txaus | Siab - lub cub hluav taws xob nrog qhov kub siab ntawm sab phab ntsa, aggressive slag chemistry, los yog dej -txias tsim qhov tsawg kawg nkaus oxidation tseem ceeb heev |
HP-rau-UHP hloov pauv los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm oxidation mechanism yog hloov mus rau microstructural optimisation. UHP electrodes tsim los ntawm hwm koob koob coke thiab graphitised ntawm qhov kub siab tshaj plaws ua tiav qhov porosity qis tshaj plaws, cov hmoov tshauv qis tshaj plaws, thiab qhov ceev tshaj plaws muaj nyob rau hauv cov qib txheem. Cov khoom no cuam tshuam tag nrho cov txheej txheem oxidation ib txhij: roj-theem oxidation los ntawm kev txo cov nplaim reactivity, oxidation sab hauv los ntawm kev sib khi cov pore network, catalytic oxidation los ntawm kev txo cov ntsiab lus impurity, thiab slag- kab tawm tsam los ntawm kev ua kom muaj kev ncaj ncees. Rau cov cub tawg ua haujlwm ntawm lub zog siab ceev uas qhov kub ntawm sab phab ntsa mus txog qhov kawg ntawm oxidation -sensitive range, UHP microstructural zog muab qhov muaj zog oxidation tsis kam.
Phau Ntawv Qhia Kev Xaiv Khoom
Yuav Ua Li Cas Match Electrode Qib rau Koj Qhov Chaw Rauv Oxidation Ib puag ncig?
Kev Xav Tau
Daim ntawv txheeb xyuas:
- [ ] Oxidation zone ID nkag mus:Cov ntaub ntawv uas cov txheej txheem tswj hwm kev noj haus hauv koj lub qhov cub (kawg, sidewall, slag-kab, Boudouard, dej vapour)
- [ ] Sidewall kub profile:Ntsuas los yog kwv yees qhov kub ntawm qhov chaw faib tawm raws kab hluav taws xob thaum ua haujlwm
- [ ] Slag chemistry yam ntxwv:Sau FeO cov ntsiab lus, qhov tseem ceeb, thiab cov dej ntws tawm uas cuam tshuam rau slag- kab tawm tsam tus nqi
- [ ] Qhov cub cua tsom xam:Cov ntaub ntawv O₂, CO₂, CO, thiab H₂O concentrations ntawm qib electrode raws li kev ua haujlwm raug
- [ ] Kev ntsuas dej txias:Txheeb xyuas cov tshuaj tsuag txias lossis dej-cov vaj huam sib luag txias uas qhia H₂O rau hauv qhov chaw oxidation
- [ ] Qib microstructure match:Xaiv qib raws li qhov porosity, ntom, thiab purity yuav tsum tau ua los ntawm cov txheej txheem oxidation tseem ceeb
Kev yuav khoom lag luam
Daim ntawv txheeb xyuas:
- [ ] Anti-Kev kho oxidation muaj:Paub meej tias tus neeg muag khoom tuaj yeem muab cov qhab nia kho yog tias cov qib tsis tuaj yeem ua tau raws li cov hom phiaj oxidation
- [ ] Cov ntaub ntawv ua haujlwm oxidation:Thov cov ntaub ntawv poob phaus nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv kub thiab huab cua
- [ ] Cov ntaub ntawv sib xws:Txheeb xyuas tus txheej txheem kev tswj hwm tswj hwm microstructural zog thoob plaws ntau lawm
- [ ] Kev txhawb nqa rau huab cua tsom xam:Paub meej tias tus neeg muag khoom txaus siab los txhawb lub tshuab cua sov hauv huab cua tshuaj xyuas thiab kev txheeb xyuas oxidation mechanism
- [ ] Kev ntsuam xyuas batch:Teem lub phiaj xwm mus sib tw los txheeb xyuas qhov ua tau zoo ntawm oxidation nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb ntawm lub cub tawg ua ntej kev yuav khoom tag nrho
Technical Data Section
| Parameter | Qhov tseem ceeb rau Oxidation Mechanism Analysis |
|---|---|
| Qhov ceev (g / cm³) | Higher density reduces porosity and internal oxidation surface area; cuam tshuam nrog qib - qib oxidation tsis kam |
| Cov ntsiab lus tshauv (%) | Cov tshauv qis txo qhov chaw catalytic oxidation; UHP qib feem ntau qis dua 0.3% |
| Oxidation poob tus nqi (mg / cm²·h) | Direct ntsuas ntawm oxidation kinetics nyob rau hauv standardized kub thiab cua tej yam kev mob |
| Hluav taws xob tiv taus (μΩ·m) | Muaj feem xyuam rau sab hauv joule cua sov thiab yog li qhov kub thiab txias; indirectly cuam tshuam oxidation tus nqi |
| Thermal conductivity (W / m · K) | Cov conductivity siab dua txhawb nqa qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov kub thiab txias thiab txo qhov kub qhov chaw |
| Flexural zog (MPa) | Txhawb nqa kev ncaj ncees ntawm slag- kab tawm tsam; tiv taus caj dab- cuam tshuam txog kev tawg |
| Coefficient ntawm thermal expansion (10⁻⁶ / degree) | Muaj feem xyuam rau thermal stress ntawm anti-oxidation txheej interfaces; qis CTE txhawb txheej adhesion nyob rau hauv cycling |
| Anti- oxidation txheej hom | Ceramic barriers (lub cev) piv rau boron kev kho mob (tshuaj lom neeg); mechanism-kev xaiv tshwj xeeb nyob ntawm thaj chaw oxidation tseem ceeb |
Cov nqi tshwj xeeb nyob ntawm cov khoom qib, nominal txoj kab uas hla, thiab cov chaw tsim khoom. Mills yuav tsum thov oxidation poob phaus cov ntaub ntawv ntsuas raws li cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lawv lub cub tawg cua thiab qhov kub thiab txias profile.
Kev lag luam yav tom ntej Trends
Advanced Coating Technologies
Tom ntej no - tiam los tiv thaiv - oxidation kev kho mob yog txav dhau ib zaug - txheej ceramic txheej mus rau ntau txheej txheej txheej uas ua ke lub cev tiv thaiv, tshuaj tiv thaiv, thiab tus kheej - kho cov khoom. Cov txheej txheem no yog tsim los tswj kev tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv thermal cycling thiab mechanical abrasion los ntawm kev sib cuag slag. Raws li cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis loj tuaj, electrode oxidation kuj yuav nce ntxiv nyob ntawm qhov chaw engineering nrog rau ntau qhov microstructure.
Tiag -Lub Sij Hawm Rauv Huab Cua Saib Xyuas
Optical sensors thiab gas analyzers tau dhau los ua cov cuab yeej siv niaj hnub ntawm EAF kev teeb tsa, muab qhov tseeb -lub sij hawm ntsuas O₂, CO₂, CO, thiab H₂O concentrations ntawm ntau theem cub tawg. Cov ntaub ntawv no ua rau cov neeg ua haujlwm sib cuam tshuam cov xwm txheej oxidation nrog kev hloov pauv hauv huab cua, txhawb kev cuam tshuam cov phiaj xwm es tsis yog daim pam hloov pauv. Kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov ntaub ntawv huab cua nrog electrode noj nrhiav pom yuav tsum txhim kho oxidation mechanism txheeb xyuas qhov tseem ceeb.
Computational Fluid Dynamics rau Oxidation Prediction
CFD qauv ntawm lub cub tawg gas flow qauv yog nce mus rau qhov chaw uas oxidation tus nqi faib nyob ib ncig ntawm lub electrode yuav kwv yees los ntawm burner configuration, tso qhov chaw, thiab lub cub tawg geometry. Mills uas siv CFD-raws li kev kwv yees oxidation tuaj yeem tsim cov kev hloov pauv hauv qhov cub nrog cov txiaj ntsig xav tau, txo qhov kev cia siab ntawm kev sim - thiab - qhov ua yuam kev.
Cov Ntsiab Lus Tseem Ceeb: Ua rau Graphite Electrode Oxidation nyob rau hauv siab -Kev Ua Haujlwm Kub EAF
- Graphite electrode oxidation tsis yog ib qho tshwm sim tab sis ib tsev neeg ntawm cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm hauv cov cheeb tsam sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, txhua tus muaj nws tus kheej tswj hwm physics thiab chemistry.
- Kev noj qab haus huv kawg ntawm thaj chaw arc txuas yog tswj hwm los ntawm cov pa roj carbon monoxide ncaj qha sib tw nrog siab -kub oxidation, nrog rau huab hwm coj thauj ntau dua li cov tshuaj kinetics txwv tus nqi.
- Sidewall gas-theem oxidation yog qhov loj tshaj plaws tswj tsis tau mechanism, nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kwv yees li ob npaug ntawm txhua 50℃saum 600℃; foamy slag xyaum yog lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm.
- Slag- kab tshuaj tua kab mob los ntawm FeO thiab MnO tsim cov caj dab hauv zos uas ua rau cov electrode tsis muaj zog, ua rau nws txawv ntawm cov pa roj -theem oxidation hauv ob qho tib si thiab qhov tshwm sim.
- Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv Boudouard thiab dej vapor oxidation feem ntau yog -tsis pom kev uas ua rau muaj kev noj qab haus huv los ntawm microstructural erosion thiab ntxiv oxidant txoj hauv kev.
- Electrode microstructure, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog porosity, ntom, thiab impurity cov ntsiab lus, txiav txim siab yuav ua li cas rau lub cub tawg loj heev txhais ua oxidation poob; UHP qib muab qhov qis tshaj plaws oxidation nto thoob plaws txhua lub tshuab.
- Qhov kev daws teeb meem zoo tshaj plaws yog kev koom tes nrog tus neeg muag khoom uas muab cov ntaub ntawv oxidation kev ua tau zoo nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv teev tseg thiab txhawb kev ntsuas cua sov rau cov txheej txheem - tshwj xeeb oxidation tswj.
FAQ
Dab tsi yog qhov chaw oxidation tseem ceeb ntawm graphite electrode hauv EAF ua haujlwm?
Cov cheeb tsam oxidation tseem ceeb yog: (1) lub ntsej muag electrode thiab arc txuas lub ntsej muag, qhov twg kub tshaj 3,000℃thiab sublimation sib tw nrog oxidation; (2) lub sidewall saum lub slag kab, qhov twg roj-theem oxidation los ntawm O₂ dominates ntawm 600-900℃; (3) cov kab slag, qhov twg FeO thiab MnO nyob rau hauv lub slag react ncaj qha nrog graphite ntawm 1,400-1,650 degree; (4) thaj chaw nruab nrab uas cov tshuaj tiv thaiv Boudouard (C + CO₂ → 2CO) erodes microstructure ntawm 800-1,200 degree; thiab (5) cov cheeb tsam raug dej txias, qhov twg H₂O reacts nrog graphite hla 500-1,000 degree.
Qhov kub li cas cuam tshuam rau graphite electrode oxidation tus nqi?
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv sab nrauv oxidation tseem ceeb, C + O₂ → CO₂, ua raws li Arrhenius kinetics thiab kwv yees li ob npaug ntawm tus nqi rau txhua 50℃nce hauv qhov kub thiab txias tshaj 600 degree. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias lub phab ntsa ntawm 750℃oxidises kwv yees li plaub zaug sai dua li phab ntsa ntawm 650 degree. Ntsis oxidation ntawm qhov kub siab tshaj 3,000℃yog txwv los ntawm huab hwm coj thauj ntau dua li cov tshuaj kinetics, nrog sublimation pab txhawb kom poob tag nrho.
Dab tsi yog lub luag haujlwm ntawm slag foaming ua si hauv kev tswj oxidation?
Foamy slag nyob ib puag ncig ntawm lub qhov hluav taws xob sab hauv sab qis thiab tshem tawm cov pa oxygen- cov pa roj nplua nuj nrog cov khoom siv tiv thaiv ntawm slag thiab npuas npuas. Kev ua haujlwm zoo ntawm foamy slag txo cov phab ntsa oxidation raug los ntawm 50 mus rau 70% piv rau qhib -arc ua haujlwm. Thaum ua npuas ncauj ntog, lub sidewall yog ncaj qha mus rau oxidising cua thiab noj nce sharply.
Cov dej txias cuam tshuam li cas electrode oxidation?
Cov tshuaj tsuag dej thiab dej-cov qauv tsim txias qhia txog dej vapor (H₂O) ua cov oxidant ntxiv. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv C + H₂O → CO + H₂ ua haujlwm siab tshaj 500℃thiab tuaj yeem ua kom tau txais txiaj ntsig yog tias txias tau siv rau qhov chaw siab dua 800 degree. Hauv qab 600 degree, qhov ntsuas kub yuav txo qis dua cov nyhuv oxidation. Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm net yog nyob ntawm qhov sib npaug ntawm qhov txias txias thiab qhov kub thiab txias.
Vim li cas hlau impurities ua kom oxidation?
Hlau impurities, suav nrog alkali hlau thiab hloov pauv hlau residues, ua raws li cov catalysts uas txo qis lub zog ua kom muaj zog ntawm cov pa roj carbon oxidation. Qhov no ua rau oxidation mus sai dua ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Qib siab dua -qib electrodes nrog cov hmoov tshauv qis (feem ntau qis dua 0.3% rau UHP) muaj tsawg dua qhov chaw catalytic thiab yog li txo cov nqi catalytic oxidation.
Yuav ua li cas electrode porosity cuam tshuam oxidation?
Porosity tsim ib qho kev sib txuas sab hauv ntawm qhov chaw uas cov pa tuaj yeem nkag mus thiab hnov mob nrog, sib npaug ntawm thaj chaw oxidation zoo tshaj qhov geometric sab nrauv. Ntau qhov ntom ntom sib txuam nrog qis porosity thiab txo qis hauv oxidation. UHP electrodes nrog qhov ntom ntawm 1.68 txog 1.74 g / cm³ muab cov oxidation zoo dua li RP electrodes ntawm 1.52 txog 1.56 g / cm³.
Cov Khoom Pom Zoo
Rau steel mills nrhiav kom nkag siab thiab tswj graphite electrode oxidation mechanisms nyob rau hauv siab - kub EAF kev ua haujlwm, peb muab RP, HP, thiab UHP graphite electrodes nrog cov ntaub ntawv oxidation kev ua tau zoo thiab tiv thaiv - oxidation kev kho mob.
Daim ntawv thov:Hluav taws xob arc rauv steelmaking thoob plaws txhua theem fais fab thiab kev khiav hauj lwm configurations qhov twg oxidation mechanism kev txheeb xyuas txhawb kev txo qis.
Qhov zoo:
- Tag nrho cov qib ntawm RP mus rau UHP nrog cov ntaub ntawv khaws cia ntau ntom ntom, cov ntsiab lus tshauv, thiab cov ntaub ntawv oxidation poob phaus
- Los tiv thaiv - oxidation kho cov kev xaiv suav nrog cov txheej txheem ceramic barrier coatings thiab tshuaj tiv thaiv kev kho mob
- Cov ntaub ntawv oxidation kev ua tau zoo ntsuas nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv kub thiab huab cua
- Kev txhawb nqa rau lub tshuab cua sov hauv huab cua tshuaj xyuas thiab cov txheej txheem -cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb oxidation tswj
- Cov ntaub ntawv sib xws ntawm cov ntaub ntawv txhawb nqa kev kwv yees oxidation tus cwj pwm thoob plaws kev sib tw
Cov neeg siv khoom tsim nyog:EAF steel mills, mini-mills, thiab cov neeg tsim khoom ua haujlwm ntawm lub zog siab ntom ntom, nrog cov tshuaj slag hnyav, lossis nrog dej-txoj kev tsim qauv uas oxidation mechanism tswj yog qhov tseem ceeb.
Vim Li Cas Xaiv ZhenAn
Kev Paub Txog Kev Lag Luam
Nrog 30+ xyoo ntawm graphite electrode manufacturing thiab thoob ntiaj teb kev muab khoom, peb pab neeg kev kawm oxidation tus cwj pwm nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov ntau yam ntawm EAF thermal thiab tshuaj ib puag ncig, los ntawm qis- lub zog foundry ua hauj lwm mus rau ultra- siab- fais fab kev teeb tsa nrog aggressive slag thiab dej -txias configurations.
Kev Tswj Xyuas Zoo
Oxidation yuag poob yog ntsuas nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv kub thiab cua tej yam kev mob rau txhua ntau lawm batch. Certificates report bulk density, ash content, electrical resistivity, and oxidation performance data so buyers can validate grade selection against their furnace oxidation environment. Kev tiv thaiv - kev kho oxidation raug txheeb xyuas rau txheej kev ncaj ncees thiab kev faib tshuaj lom neeg.
Export Muaj peev xwm
Peb tau sau cov kev paub txog kev xa tawm graphite electrodes rau thoob ntiaj teb kev lag luam. Cov txheej txheem logistics thiab cov ntaub ntawv ua tau raws li cov kev cai ntshuam thoob ntiaj teb, thiab cov ntaub ntawv txheej txheem txhawb rau lub cub tawg - xaiv qib tshwj xeeb.
Kev pab txhawb nqa
Peb cov engineers txhawb qhov cub cua tsom xam, kev txheeb xyuas cov txheej txheem oxidation, thiab kev xaiv qib sib phim rau thaj chaw oxidation tseem ceeb hauv txhua qhov kev teeb tsa. Peb ua haujlwm nrog pawg kws tshaj lij zeb los txhais cov qauv siv oxidation thiab pom zoo ua haujlwm lossis qib -raws li kev ntsuas.
Customized Solutions
Rau cov mills uas muaj kev sib tw oxidation tshwj xeeb, peb muab kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv - kev taw qhia txog kev kho oxidation, kev ntsuam xyuas batch raws li qhov tseeb ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob, thiab cov ntaub ntawv kho kom haum xeeb uas txhawb nqa cov txheej txheem - kev soj ntsuam kev noj tshwj xeeb.
Tiv tauj peb
Yuav tsum nkag siab txog cov txheej txheem oxidation uas cuam tshuam rau koj cov graphite electrode noj, lossis ntsuas kev tiv thaiv - oxidation kho qib rau koj qhov chaw ua cua sov?
Mus cuag thiab peb pab neeg ua haujlwm yuav tshuaj xyuas koj cov cua sov cua sov, slag chemistry, thiab cua txias configuration:
WhatsApp pawg: +86 155 1882 4805
Email:inquiry@zaferroalloy.com
Txhawm rau npaj cov ntsiab lus teb, thov qhia:
Qhov cub hom, theem fais fab, thiab cua txias configuration
Slag chemistry parameters (FeO cov ntsiab lus, pib, fluidity)
Tam sim no electrode noj tus nqi thiab xav tias tseem ceeb mechanism
Anti- keeb kwm kho mob oxidation, yog tias muaj
Delivery qhov chaw